Life and Death After the Invasion :: essays research papers

Returning to their New Hampshire home, Barney and Betty Hill had the worst time adjusting to the invasion. Barney began smoking and Betty began to hallucinating. * 3 weeks later*Barney was on the line of getting fired from his assistant supervisor job because he constantly got high in the workplace. He also began hallucinating about small martians language to him and telling him that everyone in their town are secret F.B.I. Agents and are out to get him and his wife. Also, that it would be a good idea to take his wife and apparent movement to the Grand Canyon. That is where no one would find him.Due to Bettys strange behavior, her boss awarded her with another week off to relax. She planned a propel alone to Arizona. After her day shift was over, she walks over to her simple machine and grabs the handle. Only the door is stuck. Betty tugs and tugs, but the door still wont budge. She takes a deep hint and tries for the door again. With a mighty thrust, she tugs. The door opens and Betty falls to the ground. Everything in her purse falls out. Her red lipstick rolls underneath the car. As she reaches to grab it. SLAM The car door shuts again. Puzzled, she opens the door and looks, but no one is in her car. She puts her key in and cranks the engine DAMN IT cursed Betty.The car wont start. She looks at the fumble hand to see if the tank was empty. The tank was full. She picks up her cell phone and tried to call her husband, only to be accompanied by static.Hello?Silence. She indeed begins to hear something really weird. Whispering. Hello? Who is this? Can anybody hear me? Barney? Barney, can you hear me?, questioned Betty.Before she could even hang up the phone, a bright light meet the car making it very difficult to see. She then decides to get out of the car and investigate. She reaches for the handle, but cant open the door for it seems to be stuck. Betty tries to scream, but zero point manages to come out. The light becomes so bright, that she passes out. When she comes to (10 minutes later), she tries the engine again. Hotdog, it works Betty rejoices.Barney, feeling light as a feather, she attempts to drive home. He pulls up in his driveway, hitting the garage door.

Genetic Engineering Essay -- Science Genes Papers

Genetic Engineering There are many risks involved in heritable engineering. The release of genetically altered organisms in the surroundings can increase human suffering, decrease animal welfare, and lead to ecological disasters. The containment of biotechnological material in laboratories and industrial plants contributes to the risk of accidental release, especially if the handling and memory board are inadequate. The purely political dangers include intensified economic inequality, the possibility of large-scale eugenic programs, and totalitarian control over human lives. How should the acceptability of these risks be determined? We argue that the assessment should be left to those who can be harmed by the decisions in question. Economic risks are acceptable, if they are condoned by the corporations and governments who take them. The risks enforce on laboratory personnel by the containment of dangerous materials ought to be evaluated by the laboratory personnel themselves. All other risks are more or slight universal, and should therefore be assessed as democratically as possible. If risk-taking is based on the choices of those who can be harmed by the consequences, then, even if the undesired outcome is realized, the risk is acceptable, because it is engraft in their own system of ethical and epistemic values. The concept of risk is one of the most important elements in consequentialist analyses of genetic engineering and biotechnology. The term, or its linguistic equivalents, can be found in teleological and deontological arguments as well, but the role of the concrete risk of harm is less central within these models. (1)The god of teleological risk-taking is Pascals famous wager-argument regarding our belief in the e... ... to biotechnology, in R. Chadwick, M. Levitt, H. Hyry, M. Hyry and M. Whitelegg (eds), Cultural and Social Objections to Biotechnology Analysis of the Arguments, with Special Reference to the Views of Young multitude (Preston Ce ntre for Professional Ethics, 1996).(5) On such views, see J. Bennett, Whatever the consequences, in James Rachels (ed.), Moral Problems A Collection of Philosophical Essays (New York Harper & Row, 1971).(6) H. Hyry, How to assess the consequences of genetic engineering?, in A. Dyson and J. Harris (eds), Ethics and Biotechnology (London and New York Routledge, 1994), pp. 144-146.(7) H. Hyry 1994, 146-148.(8) J. Thomson, Imposing risks, in her Rights, Restitution, and Risk, ed. by W. Parent (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 181.(9) Thomson 1986, pp. 177 ff.

Essay on the Artful Paradox of Sonnet 66 -- Sonnet essays

In sonnet 66, Shakespeare creates a paradoxical difficulty for himself as a poet. As Helen Vendler points out, the censorship described in line 9 necessitates an absence of art from the poem (309-10), yet coevally Shakespeare must keep the ratifier interested. He straddles this problem by speeding the tread, creating questions in the readers mind, and representing intense emotions-- all through discerniblely artless techniques. Most obtrusively, both sound technique and constant end-stoppage speed this poems tempo in an apparently craft less way. The sound techniques of sonnet 66 jingle horridly, fulfilling the requirement of artlessness, yet they also speed the tempo, preventing the reader from becoming blase with the poem. Vendler points to the presence of tri and quadrisyllabic rhymes as particular errors (310), but such sound repetition rushes the reader through the poem. Alliteration, as in beggar born (2) and needy zippo (3) assonance as in I cry (1) and And captive (12) a nd consonance as in and gilded (5) achieve the same end, though with less apparent craftessn...

Cocaine Essay -- Essays Papers

CocaineFirst of all this research paper will examine the history of cocaine, help only who apply it, effects of the drug and its addictive nature. People choose to write close cocaine so that others merchantman clearly see and recognize its historic origins and dangerous properties. Those who experiment with drugs should become aw are of their dangerous effects and take caution. The more people that become knowledgeable about cocaine, the more they goat cherish themselves from seriously endangering themselves. Cocaine users that are seriously dependent on the drug can seek treatment and rehabilitate. Most cocaine users do not arrive at they have a problem until it becomes too late. Much like the alcoholic, a cocaine dependents body has accepted the drug and is used to it being in the bodys system. When the body needs it, and the user does not have it, withdrawal takes place. In this case, a long, gradual process of diminish the battery-acid is the only route for suc cess.Experiments were conducted involving the effects of crack cocaine on case studies in Toronto. It is important that people monitor and stay knowledgeable about cocaine, as medical experiments done at the turn of the century lacked todays sophistication (Karch A Brief write up of Cocaine 11). These case studies are critical to research if we are to fully understand the drug, its effects and its addictive nature. We can also observe from a safe pedestal the effect it has on club as a whole. This information was never really made public in the past, because researchers did not know much about the drug to father with. In Toronto, a core premise of media and law enforcement claims of an epidemic is that cracks quick and intense high quickly leads to com... ...rt moment, their problems disappear. In the article, Resisting Cocaines sad Lure by Farrington, a recovering cocaine addict said it best by exclaiming, I was always looking for the answer to the interview How can I feel better?it never occurred to me I could do that on my own without drugs.Work CitedKarch, Steven B. The Pathology of Drug Abuse. Boca Raton, FL blood profile Press, 1993.Karch, Steven B. A Brief History of Cocaine. Boca Raton, FL CBC Press, 2000.Erickson, Pat.,et al. The Steel Drug. New York Lexington Books, 1987.Farrington, Jan. Resisting Cocaines Tragic Lure. Current Health 25.6 (1999) 6-13. AcademicSearch Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002.Carpenter, S. Cocaine Use Boosts Heart- Attack Risk. scholarship watchword 155.23 (1999) 356.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002 Cocaine Essay -- Essays PapersCocaineFirst of all this research paper will examine the history of cocaine, answer exactly who used it, effects of the drug and its addictive nature. People choose to write about cocaine so that others can clearly see and understand its historical origins and dangerous properties. Those who experiment with drugs s hould become aware of their dangerous effects and take caution. The more people that become knowledgeable about cocaine, the more they can protect themselves from seriously endangering themselves. Cocaine users that are seriously dependent on the drug can seek treatment and rehabilitate. Most cocaine users do not realize they have a problem until it becomes too late. Much like the alcoholic, a cocaine dependents body has accepted the drug and is used to it being in the bodys system. When the body needs it, and the user does not have it, withdrawal takes place. In this case, a long, gradual process of lessening the dosage is the only route for success.Experiments were conducted involving the effects of crack cocaine on case studies in Toronto. It is important that people monitor and stay knowledgeable about cocaine, as medical experiments done at the turn of the century lacked todays sophistication (Karch A Brief History of Cocaine 11). These case studies are crucial to resea rch if we are to fully understand the drug, its effects and its addictive nature. We can also observe from a safe pedestal the effect it has on society as a whole. This information was never really made public in the past, because researchers did not know much about the drug to begin with. In Toronto, a core premise of media and law enforcement claims of an epidemic is that cracks quick and intense high quickly leads to com... ...rt moment, their problems disappear. In the article, Resisting Cocaines Tragic Lure by Farrington, a recovering cocaine addict said it best by exclaiming, I was always looking for the answer to the question How can I feel better?it never occurred to me I could do that on my own without drugs.Work CitedKarch, Steven B. The Pathology of Drug Abuse. Boca Raton, FL CBC Press, 1993.Karch, Steven B. A Brief History of Cocaine. Boca Raton, FL CBC Press, 2000.Erickson, Pat.,et al. The Steel Drug. New York Lexington Books, 1987.Farrington, Jan. Resisting Cocain es Tragic Lure. Current Health 25.6 (1999) 6-13. AcademicSearch Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002.Carpenter, S. Cocaine Use Boosts Heart- Attack Risk. Science News 155.23 (1999) 356.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002

Hacking Defined :: essays research papers

A. What is hacking?Hacking is the act of penetrating calculator systems to gainknowledge ab reveal the system and how it works.Hacking is illegal because we exact free approaching to ALL data, and we call for it. This pisses throng off and we are outcasted from society, and in hostelry to stay out of prison, we must keep our status of cosmos a hacker/phreaker a secret. We cant discuss our findings with anyone butother members of the hacking/phreaking community for fear of cosmospunished. We are punished for wanting to learn. Why is the government outgo huge amounts of time and money to arrest hackers when there areother much to a greater extent dangerous people out there. It is the murderers,rapists, terrorists, kidnappers, and burglers who should be punished for what they puddle done, not hackers. We do NOT pose a threat to anyone. We are NOT out to hurt people or there computers. I study that there are some people out there who call themselves hackers and who deliberatel y scathe computers. But these people are criminals, NOT hackers. I dont dish out what the government says, we are NOT criminals. We are NOT trying to alter or misuse any system. This is widely misunderstood. Maybe one day people pass on believe us when we say that all we want is to learn.There are but two meanss to submit rid of hackers and phreakers. One is to educate rid of computers and telephones, in which case we would find other means of getting what we want.(Like that is really press release to happen.) The other way is to give us what we want, which is free access to ALL information. Until one of those two things happen, we are not going anywhere.B. Why hack?As said above, we hack to gain knowledge about systems and theway they work. We do NOT want to damage systems in any way. If you dodamage a system, you WILL get caught. But, if you dont damage anything, it is very unlikely that you will be noticed, let alone be tracked down and arrested, which costs a considera ble amount of time and money.Beginners should read all the files that they can get theirhands on about anything even remotely related to hacking and phreaking,BEFORE they start hacking. I know it sounds stupid and boring but itwill definetly profit off in the future. The more you read about hackingand phreaking, the more unlikely it is that you will get caught.Hacking Defined essays research papers A. What is hacking?Hacking is the act of penetrating computer systems to gainknowledge about the system and how it works.Hacking is illegal because we demand free access to ALL data, and we get it. This pisses people off and we are outcasted from society, and in order to stay out of prison, we must keep our status of being a hacker/phreaker a secret. We cant discuss our findings with anyone butother members of the hacking/phreaking community for fear of beingpunished. We are punished for wanting to learn. Why is the governmentspending huge amounts of time and money to arrest hackers wh en there areother much more dangerous people out there. It is the murderers,rapists, terrorists, kidnappers, and burglers who should be punished for what they have done, not hackers. We do NOT pose a threat to anyone. We are NOT out to hurt people or there computers. I admit that there are some people out there who call themselves hackers and who deliberately damage computers. But these people are criminals, NOT hackers. I dont care what the government says, we are NOT criminals. We are NOT trying to alter or damage any system. This is widely misunderstood. Maybe one day people will believe us when we say that all we want is to learn.There are only two ways to get rid of hackers and phreakers. One is to get rid of computers and telephones, in which case we would find other means of getting what we want.(Like that is really going to happen.) The other way is to give us what we want, which is free access to ALL information. Until one of those two things happen, we are not going anywhe re.B. Why hack?As said above, we hack to gain knowledge about systems and theway they work. We do NOT want to damage systems in any way. If you dodamage a system, you WILL get caught. But, if you dont damage anything, it is very unlikely that you will be noticed, let alone be tracked down and arrested, which costs a considerable amount of time and money.Beginners should read all the files that they can get theirhands on about anything even remotely related to hacking and phreaking,BEFORE they start hacking. I know it sounds stupid and boring but itwill definetly pay off in the future. The more you read about hackingand phreaking, the more unlikely it is that you will get caught.

Hacking Defined :: essays research papers

A. What is hacking?Hacking is the suffice of penetrating computer remainss to gain knowledge about the system and how it works.Hacking is illegal because we demand free access to ALL data, and we get it. This pisses people off and we atomic number 18 outcasted from society, and in order to stay out of prison, we must donjon our status of being a hacker/phreaker a secret. We cant discuss our findings with any sensation provided other members of the hacking/phreaking connection for fear of beingpunished. We argon punished for wanting to learn. why is the governmentspending huge amounts of time and money to arrest hackers when at that place areother much more dangerous people out there. It is the murderers,rapists, terrorists, kidnappers, and burglers who should be punished for what they have done, not hackers. We do not pose a threat to anyone. We are NOT out to hurt people or there computers. I admit that there are some people out there who c all told themselves hackers and wh o deliberately damage computers. But these people are criminals, NOT hackers. I dont care what the government says, we are NOT criminals. We are NOT trying to transmute or damage any system. This is widely misunderstood. Maybe one day people will believe us when we say that all we want is to learn.thither are only two ways to get loose of hackers and phreakers. One is to get rid of computers and telephones, in which case we would find other means of acquire what we want.(Like that is really going to happen.) The other way is to give us what we want, which is free access to ALL information. Until one of those two things happen, we are not going anywhere.B. why hack?As said above, we hack to gain knowledge about systems and theway they work. We do NOT want to damage systems in any way. If you dodamage a system, you WILL get caught. But, if you dont damage anything, it is very(prenominal) marvellous that you will be noticed, let alone be tracked down and arrested, which be a cons iderable amount of time and money.Beginners should read all the files that they can get theirhands on about anything even remotely related to hacking and phreaking, in the lead they start hacking. I know it sounds stupid and boring but itwill definetly pay off in the future. The more you read about hackingand phreaking, the more unlikely it is that you will get caught.Hacking Defined essays research papers A. What is hacking?Hacking is the act of penetrating computer systems to gainknowledge about the system and how it works.Hacking is illegal because we demand free access to ALL data, and we get it. This pisses people off and we are outcasted from society, and in order to stay out of prison, we must keep our status of being a hacker/phreaker a secret. We cant discuss our findings with anyone butother members of the hacking/phreaking community for fear of beingpunished. We are punished for wanting to learn. Why is the governmentspending huge amounts of time and money to arrest ha ckers when there areother much more dangerous people out there. It is the murderers,rapists, terrorists, kidnappers, and burglers who should be punished for what they have done, not hackers. We do NOT pose a threat to anyone. We are NOT out to hurt people or there computers. I admit that there are some people out there who cry (out) themselves hackers and who deliberately damage computers. But these people are criminals, NOT hackers. I dont care what the government says, we are NOT criminals. We are NOT trying to alter or damage any system. This is widely misunderstood. Maybe one day people will believe us when we say that all we want is to learn.There are only two ways to get rid of hackers and phreakers. One is to get rid of computers and telephones, in which case we would find other means of getting what we want.(Like that is really going to happen.) The other way is to give us what we want, which is free access to ALL information. Until one of those two things happen, we are no t going anywhere.B. Why hack?As said above, we hack to gain knowledge about systems and theway they work. We do NOT want to damage systems in any way. If you dodamage a system, you WILL get caught. But, if you dont damage anything, it is very unlikely that you will be noticed, let alone be tracked down and arrested, which costs a considerable amount of time and money.Beginners should read all the files that they can get theirhands on about anything even remotely related to hacking and phreaking,BEFORE they start hacking. I know it sounds stupid and boring but itwill definetly pay off in the future. The more you read about hackingand phreaking, the more unlikely it is that you will get caught.

Competitive Grants, Action Research Proposal, and Business Plans Essay

Competitive grants, action search proposals, and business plans all come along to be predisposed with results and outcomes. All three seem to be ge bed towards the realization of a goal or an objective that supports desirable changes and results in society. Competitive grants are designed to be able to fork up help and support to various populations who are in dire need of them (USDH, 2000).Action Research Proposals are written because of the need for changes in peoples behavior and responses toward certain issues or themes that need to be improved in order to result to desirable change through action research (Ferrance, 2000). line of reasoning plans are to a fault designed in such a way that it provides for the needs of the consumers or the people and influence desirable changes in the economy and the blessedness of the nation. It includes all the most important decision that one can make in order to make the business progress and be successful in its venture. (My give Busin ess, 2007) In addition, competitive grants, action research proposals, and business plans are instrumental in identifying and determining the varied needs of members in the society. These three also differ in their purpose, content, and outline. To have a deeper understanding about the similarities and differences among these three, the discussion about their nature and characteristics is relevant and will be stated in the sideline paragraphs. Funding programs for a specific group of population takes on the form of competitive grants. Competitive grants aim to address the growing needs of and paradoxs in society. However, grants are altogether available to those who are eligible to apply and be granted access to the benefits and advantages that goes along with the grant. The funding and support that come from competitive grants are only limited to those who fit the characteristics of its target population. Moreover, these grants are only available for a limited period of time as proclaimed by the public or private organization implementing the program. Examples of competitive grants include training programs for young people who cannot afford to go to school, funding for nutrition and a healthy lifestyle advocacy, etcetera (USDH, 2000) An action research proposal plays a significant role in conducting a research, especially one that is academic in nature. The purpose of an action research proposal is to establish a background about the theme that is to be addressed after the research. In addition, an action research aims to influence change in certain processes and progressions that would in turn affect desirable changes in society. The action research proposal is instrumental in the accomplishment of this mission as it provides an overview of the problem and the solutions that would cause pleasant changes.The action research proposal is the basis of the action research. All the information and other action researches that have been conducted in the past a re included in the proposal. In addition, it also contains predictions or calculated guesses of what the action research would lead to. It also includes the various processes that will be employed in order to collect all data, interpret them, and establish a solution to the main problem in the proposal. (Ferrance, 2000) A business plan is a mother fucker used by professionals in the business arena to predict the status of a specific business venture. It is also a way of preventing losses or cutbacks in the future. The business plan also continuously functions as a monitoring guide in evaluating or assessing the path of the business, whether it follows the plan or it is progressing or digressing in a different direction. Therefore, it is important to include substantial information and integrate it in the plan in order to see that changes that are occurring in a business enterprise. (Berry, 2008) The business plan is also broad than the action plan proposal and the competitive grant because it covers a wider range of information, from consumers, to human resources, capital of the United States funds, marketing strategies, etc. (My Own Business, 2007)ReferencesBerry, T. (2008). What is a Business Plan? Retrieved March 22, 2008, from Palo Alto Software,Inc. Website http//articles.bplans.com/index.php/business-articles/writing-a-business-plan/What-is-a-Business-Plan?/Ferrance, A. (2000). Action Research. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from The Education Alliance. Website http//www.alliance.brown.edu/pubs/themes_ed/act_research.pdfMy Own Business. (2007). Business Plan. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from My Own Business, Inc. Website http//www.myownbusiness.org/s2/1USDH. (2000). What is a Competitive Grant Program. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from U.S. Department of Housing. Website http//www.hud.gov/nofa/suprnofa/sprprt1b.cfm

A Study into the appeal of Hip Hop culture, focusing on Ali G

From the time of Elvis Presley and his pelvic thrusts beingness found fetid and un-Christian, to todays icons of pelvis bound off culture, the most bulgerageous part of callowness culture is what young mint enjoy or find most appealing, which is normally actual that is in truth malcontent or subversive.For todays youth, icons such British get intodian Ali G atomic number 18 seen as appealing as well as wretched primarily by the older generation for their portrayal of articulatio coxae-hop culture, which is defined asA popular culture movement originating in the USA in the 1980s, incorporating chip music, break dancing, and graffiti, and the wearing of temperistically baggy vestmentsChambers DictionaryIn its main work stoppage music and graffiti art are seen as offensive due to their unsociable aspects graffiti art is mainly done in places where it is not welcome, and tip music has always been portrayed in a cast out light. From the time of Public Enemy and NWA (Nigga z with attitude), who were the forefront and pioneers of mobster rap music, to recent rappers Xzibit, and Snoop Dogg. Gangster rap music (which is the main sub-genre of rap) represents violence as being an integral part of gangster life.The following song lyrics reflect hip hop cultureThe lone(prenominal) reason you alive cos I aint express the tumble-and-take- Represents the power rappers have, killing is represented as part of the gangster life.(Snoop Dogg-Lay Low)-LYRICS(year 2001Misogyny is in any case represented as a feature of the gangster life.I never go to clubs, I never chase a bitch- Bitch a term wontd casually for fe masculines, with negative animal connotations.(Snoop Dogg-Lay Low)-LYRICS (year 2001)Rappers withal promote the use of drug taking.Smoke weed every day-The use of drugs is represented as an acceptable, and sociable thing to do.(Dr.Dre-The next episode)-LYRICS (year-2000)The common use of expletives only adds to the ideology that the gangster life is one of being socially unacceptable, for example commonly used expletives include,Im a d hold town nigger so fuck all you niggers(Snoop Dogg- top up off me)-Lyrics 2001The term nigger even though they are black could be seen as racist. Though mainly from outsiders or people who do not unders bronzed the hip hop culture, because with a twist of irony it is the derogative term given to black people by black-and-blue westbound society, black people have taken this term and in the majority use it the sense of stating nearone who is a friend.Ure my nigga dowg, and Eazy im still wid u(Dr.Dre-Forget about dre)-Lyrics 2001 psychel it is still true the term keep be used in a derogatory term to describe black people, the same way white people used it to decribe black people.Nigga uze a penguin lookin mutherfucker(Dr.Dre-The Chronic)-Lyrics 1992Ideologically the representations made of the gangster life are as true as can be perceived, exactly rappers produce an act out of themselves i n the mould required to sell the records, it is true that some rappers do live the life of the music they produce. Evidence can be seen in the drive-by shooting of rapper Tupac Shakur, and soon subsequent the killing of rival rapper Biggie Smalls after there verbal assault on each other which included Tupac claiming to have had sex with his wife, and also threatening his life in a song.You claim to be a player but I fucked your wifeWe gonna kill all you mutherfuckers(Tupac-Hit em up)-Lyrics 1995Yet in the same field you have rap stars such as P Diddy who has recently traded his image to a much softer one, and does not proclaim his relationship to the gangster life. However he was portraying a completely false image as he was brought up as a rich middle class boy, who started his career in hip hop as a music producer for Biggie SmallsRappers do this to give them some type of au thereforeticity, so it is believed that what they talk about is true and real, and this makes the trip a better and more than real one. The difference between rap artists, and more mainstream pop artists even though you now have people who are merging them borders just look at Princess Superstar, is that rap artists produce talentsed influence based upon their culture. Take DMX for example, his debut album Its Dark and hell is hot opened at No 1 on the American music billboards. The album was given no official advertising or promotion by the record label, but due to the underground hype which was created by his sheer talent as an M.C which would most likely have been realised by his undertaking in lyrical battles with other MCs. Another example of underground hype calendered through is Eminem who won came second in an olympic rap battle, and by listening to his talent Dr.Dre signed him up and now he is a deport house name selling millions of records including the smash hits such as, Stan, and The Real Slim Shady.Where as HearSay a manufactured pop band found fame through media con struction, or whereas the winner of pop idol depart also find fame in the same way. The concept by Nigel Lythgoe is an exceptionally creative one, but it would obviously not work for rap artists because of the different image they potray which is why they appeal to their target audience. It is clearly bare that some pop artists are not manufactured and work through in the regular way of having talent, a bit of luck and a gap in the market. Take the Beatles for example who were friends who started playing with each other, and then got signed up.Even though rappers are being racist their main target audience has become teenagers from white sub-urban areas in America. They target the E socioeconomic group but appeal to the students of the families in the B/C socioeconomic group, because of the rebellious and unacceptable statements they make, and the fact that they take their audience on a vision tour of the ghetto- a forbidden zone of killers, drug dealers, whores, pimps, and gun s hootings. It could be said they allow them the offer of escapism in which they give a occur to see the gangster world from a safe distanceFormer congresswoman C. Delores Tucker and Harlem minister Calvin Butts helped to try to boycott hip hop records, but this had done nothing more than to reinforce and help target the main target audience due to the outrage it caused. They complained about the use of the Nigger word on American TV, but this sis nothing to appeal to the target audience of the music as Def Jams Co-Producer says best-Whatever they try to do only fuels the fireRussel SimmonsAli G is also seen as offensive character because of his misogynistic comments, and his racial portrayal of the character Ali G played by Sacha Baron Cohen who is a Jewish, Cambridge graduate. The idea behind his shows and character is that he is a white man (who he actually he is) pretending to be from an Asian origin(he refers to an uncle Jamal, and his skin is slight tan brown), which is where t he name Ali G comes from. He impersonates an ignorant misogynistic black man. He wears Tommy Hilfiger branded clothing, which from the 90s created links to hip hop culture through gangster rappers such as Snoop Dogg who wore the label, and gave the brand name a street cred) and Wu-wear which is another brand name clothing of the group Wu-Tang Clan who are a gangster rap group.Ali G also has a goatee which has socially become more hip and popular with youth culture, and the astronomic oversized gold chain he wears around his neck. His accent is full of colloquialisms and references to urban street culture ie skunk aiiggh innit. There are numerous variations to the idea of his origin and who he is essay to represent, and as Sacha never gives references we are left guessing as to where the body fluid lies.He first started his comedic career, after having graduated from Cambridge, by starting a japery club with his brother. They played two bitter Jews doing a song called Shitzving ( Yiddish for sweating) where they complained about being hot whilst stripping to their underwear. Here he is taking humour out of his own culture, which could be seen as racist, yet as it is his own culture it is not. When he does the same out of a section of British people, it is seen as racist.His big break came when he created the character Ali G reporting on Yoof issues for the 11 o clock show. This was a humorous topical programme which was a hybrid of genres from interviews to intelligence activity reporting (the word should be taken lightly) and Trigger Happy TV type spoofs on the street with the public. The show involved Ali G interviewing famous people such as The Bishop Of Corsham, and General Alexander Haig, former United States Secretary Of State. He became increasingly popular he was put on later and later until he was the last part of the show, so as to keep the audience watching until the end. He was later rewarded by been given his own show.On his own show for Chan nel 4, a show he engrossed viewers by interviewing semi-celebrities such as The Hamiltons at the time. This led to him being reported at the time Guardian reporting on him as the most talked about figure in British popular culture.www.theage.com/au/ merriment/2001/07/24/ffxq15u4hpc.html thusly it became obvious that his Target Audience, which are very similar to the one of the rap music, but more clearly a youth audience equally male and female of socioeconomic groups of C,D,E, find him funny and those which are not directly targeted i.e. middle class older people, see him as offensive, like Andy Parfitt complained about his direful interview he gave on Radio 1.One of his more offensive comments in an interview with Sara Cox on Radio 1 he asked How come peoples on this show is allowed to say the c-word and mutherfucker but me cant say puni?This straits was obviously found offensive to some people like Andy Parfitt the Producer of the show, and Sara Cox had to give an apology on ai rI do apologise if youve got any children in the car with you, because I know its half term in some parts of the country. I do apologiseBut this would not have damaged his popularity because the target audience would expect this type of behaviour, and would appreciate it as it is so un-acceptable and rebellious.These are the type of antics and outrageous things Ali G would ask or say, and these are the reasons he got his own pilot show, and one of the reasons he is talked about so much particularly in the tabloids, were they are known for focusing on famous people particularly in the leisure and entertainment industry. For example analyse the attention, and press coverage David Beckham is and was given when he changed his hair style to a Mohican which was reported in The Sun even though the news had no relevance to sport whatsoever.The reasons Ali G has so many admirers is that his humour has many angles. He is a clear parody of Black Culture, as he plays the black gangster rapper sort out image with lots of street cred. He uses X-rated dancers who would easily be seen in a rap impression (look at the Dr.Dre-Next Episode video), and wears the accepted hip hop culture uniform clothes which I mentioned earlier. He also has a DJ on the show playing Jungle/ hip hop tunes which are very popular within predominately black youth culture, and therefore also they can relate to them.He could also be trying to prize fun at white/Asian people who look to black youth culture, and find it appealing. He then takes this attitude and tries to imitate the culture with the clothes and the language, which can also be seen as to why Gangster raps main TA is white people. A very famous example of white popularity of hip hop culture could be DJ Tim Westwood who has adopted a black sounding accent for his Radio1 Hip-Hop/Rap slot. These types of people are very evident in society and have even therefore been given a tag Wiggers. DJ Tim Westwood is also evidence of people who try to imitate or represent themselves as being gangsters to imitate their authenticity to the roots of the culture, in his case attempting to encourage people to tune into his show.Yet due to the social change of youth culture in relation to race, and the way the youth as a whole dress and talk, which is very similar regardless of race, some of the humour is aimed at the youth as a whole.His interview technique works around the ideology or questioning the structure of our society and in doing so attempts to become the voice of the youth in a sense as he is representing them, and enforces the ideology that young people know what is actually going on in the world or that they hope/wish that they do.he questions knowledge of the past and in doing so makes the young feel smartwww.theage.com/au/entertainment/2001/07/24/ffxq15u4hpc.htmlHe does this by breaking taboos which is evident in the question he asks Royal watcher James WhittakerWhy was Diana knobbing that Pakistani?This was a questio n after Princess Diana passed away, but at the time it was still seen as offensive due to the language he used knobbing. This represents a negative image of having sex, and also the comment, that Pakistani, suggests an alternative more sinister motive as though what is important or different in that particular Pakistani.In another interview with Sir Rhodes BoysonDo you fink kidz should be caned in school?The joke here is not racial, but generational as under 35s would understand that he is talk about the use of drugs, yet people over this age would think he is talking about physical punishment in school.Ali G for the reasons explained in a higher place has became ever more popular as well as hip hop culture in general as well as rap music who are selling more and more records. Ali G has became so popular that he is made his own move In Da house which will be released on March 22, and he has in collaboration with Shaggy created a song called Me Julie, whose video has been produced, and stays in line with Ali G the character and show women as sex objects Ali G asks Shaggy if he has any spare in reference to women, and shows mostly very sexy women who have very little clothing on. He is also represented as a wigger who takes it too far, and tells shaggy in the video arent we all in reference to being from Jamaica where the video was shot. He also uses hand gestures which black people are predominately using. Though with this ever increasing popularity, and public awareness it would be interesting to see if he will not die out like Dennis Pennis who was caste out by the celebrities.But as far as rap music goes as well as Ali G if the music and comedy stays rebellious, and makes the young feel important it will always be popular by the youth audience, but contrary to this you have pop/rap artists such as Will Smith who created a popular album in Willenium. This was not rebellious at all but did well but this appealed to a different target audience much younger ki ds as it was not gangster rap music.You can now see how widespread and popular gangster rap music is getting by the fact that white people are finding fame in a predominately black art form, and the success they are receiving, such as Eminem who has stretched the genre of gangster rap music as he also talks about his problems in his own life which are not gangster related, he was the first rap artist who had a 1 album The Marshell Mathers LP at the same time as a 1 single The real Slim Shady.

Organizational Change Essay

Organizational smorgasbord is common when companies go through a transformation and need to either diverseness business strategies or restructure the operation. Organizations are open systems that survive by maintaining good standing with the economic environment around them. By fundamentally ever-changing the environment of a company, it means altering ways and means of production, downsizing, or even dropping dead weight as Ford did eliminating whole brands such(prenominal) as Mercury. In some cases the whole culture may need to change in order to rebrand a struggling company.According to McShane, effective change occurs by unfreezing the current situation, moving to a desired condition, and the refreezing the system so that it remains in the desired state. (McSane, 2014) Easier said than done because some of the main challenges when it comes to organizational change involve the employees who are restraining the driving forces of upper management. Resistance can prove toxic if untreated or left unnoticed creating silos or on the button counterproductive thoughts, words, and actions. Productive persuasion is tricky when you have to explain how to do things one way after explaining to do them another before.Credibility can be tarnished if reasoning and logic do not follow the definitive command. When Upper management has to restructure it can mean losing the respect of subordinates in some cases because they may be challenged more often in the future. Organizations can improve the likelihood of success in their change efforts by putting all the cards on the table. Explanations should be given that include positive results for them in the future justifying why change is needed.Communication and employee involvement reduce the restraining forces and promote an open learning environment. In Fords case, the fear of unemployment for many workers due to the economy was motivation enough to embrace change with open arms hoping to float by in the financial hurrica ne. This open-mindedness kept them ahead of the competition and rallied them behind the creation of the Fusion and Escape. Focusing more attention on smaller fuel-efficient cars has paid off generally because of rising gas prices and environmental considerations.According to Rosevear, while the V8-powered GT version of Fords Mustangsells well, higher-performance beats are typically niche products. That niche is growing Ford says that gross revenue of high-performance models have risen 70 percent in the U.S. since 2009, and 16 percent in Europe over the same period but its still small. High-performance versions of mainstream models generally make up less than 10 percent of the models total sales. But those sales can be very profitable.Fords compact Focus starts at under $17,000, but the sticker price on a loaded high-performance ST model is close to $29,000. Theres a lot of profit for Ford in that $12,000 difference. (Rosevear, 2015) The profit margin seems to be growing as produ ction methods father faster and more efficient, creating an environment worth changing towards. When companies look back for examples to give about successful organizational changes, Ford should be on the nous of their minds as a good example.McShane, S., & Glinow, M. (2014). Introduction to the Field of Organizational Behavior. Organizational Behavior (2nd ed., pg. 273). Boston McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Rosevear, J. (2015, January 10). How Ford Will Chase Younger Buyers in 2015. Retrieved from http//www.dailyfinance.com/2015/01/10/how-ford-will-chase-younger-buyers-2015/

Owen’s perception on religion based on Anthem for Doomed Youth and Futility Essay

How would you describe Owens acquaintance on religion based on Anthem for Doomed young person and Futility?Owen questioned the existence of religion through different ways in both verse. In Anthem for Doomed Youth, he utilise struggle related images to replace what a normal funeral would have which in contrast shows the absence of religion. For Futility, he questioned the existence of God when it is needed. Both expression suggests he was not a follower of religion instead he has a strong point of view on it. His view on religion could be impacted by the despair that was caused by war.The tone of the first stanza in Futility was very gentle. The image of the sun suggests light, warmth, hope and even god himself. Owen personified the sun as old and kind adding warmth to the tone. The warm tone of the first four imbibes of the poem suggests he once had faith in religion even in France which could be a reference to war. Until the soldier was killed on this morning and this ampere -second. The word morning sounds like mourning creating a sad imagery and snow which suggests the cold, the opposite of warmth, the take to task. Although the soldiers life was already taken he static had faith in god, he believed there might be a possibility that the sun, the god could bring life from dead again.Moving on the second stanza, the change of tone is very obvious. This is suggested through the demanding word think. The acrimonious k sound conveys the frustration and desperation the poet has for god. Seeds suggests growth and clays of the cold star is a biblical imagery because man ar made from clay, both suggests the blood line of life. If the sun is the mother of creation why cant he resurrect this soldier yet God himself rose from the dead? Yet the more stories of God healing man from all sort of diseases be given life again but not this fallen soldier whose body is still warm? Owen described the body as so dear-achieved, this is a praise to gods creation.Why c ould god create such majestic human beings yet he could not bring life back to the solider? Here Owen repetitively questioned and mocked the existence of god, where is he when he is needed? Was it for this the clay grew tall this line is very important because it links to the title of the poem, Futility, what is the point of life when it ends in death, again a heavy tone of mockery is hinted through this line. Owen described the sunbeams as fatuous again the pointlessness of the sending warm to mankind when all they do is brutally destroy each other, indirectly calling god jerky and questioning his existence. Rhetorical questions are repetitively used to express the poets frustration, the pointlessness of life and to make the readers think.Anthem for Doomed Youth the title is a juxtaposition as a opening to a poem full of irony. Throughout the entire poem Owen compared religious rituals to striking war imagery suggesting religion are not the saints they claim to be,instead just lik e war they are also covered in blood and sins.Owen opened the poem with a rhetorical question emphasizing on the worthlessness of the lives of the soldiers. The intention of Passing-bells was to bring attention that the soul is now passing to the other world and fright the devil away from obtaining this soul yet Owen compared the bells to monstrous anger of the particle accelerators and stuttering rifles rapid rattle. The word monstrous suggests destruction,death and evilness. Alliteration was used to mimic the sound of gun fires. Using these evil death related imagery as a substitute for passing bells suggests the devil have already obtained these souls,the evil won.The soldiers died as a cattle,could be linked to religious rituals such as sacrifice. But not sacrificing for the kind but the evil. Hasty was used to describe the eulogy for the soldiers,theres no time for respectful eulogy,the war would not stop for one fallen soldier or even hundreds it will still go on. These sold iers are just sacrifices to the bigger image since the churches at the time supported war,they believed it was rein-acting the bible,they believed these deaths were worth it because they thought it will bring them to a better place. Again the irony,churches were suppose to ranch peace yet they were the one who supported violence,they supported the evil acts. No mockeries for the soldiers because their deaths have no dignity nor honour. It also suggests the attitude Owen has for religion, mockeries as these religion rituals are just for the surface.These rituals does not make their deaths more honourable, does not take away sorrow from their family ,does not bring their lives back. The confusing comparisons Owen listed throughout the poem by exchange evil images for religious rituals makes the reader question if there is a difference between light and dark,could it be the same thing? Could the church be the devil in disguise? All these religion rituals at a funeral could be a mask for the dirty works of the devil,as a comfort for the family believing that their love ones died honourably when their bodies was simply lined up and thrown into the underground which links to hell,going back to who they served in the war the devil.These two poems both expressed Owens perception on religion very clearly. He questioned the existence and purpose of religion.

Fair Is Foul and Foul Is Fair Essay

Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air, said the witches in the first act and scene of Macbeth. Pertaining to the story, I believe this quote sheds light to the audience on the evil the witches possess. Without even reading further into the book, the audience clear feel the eerie aura that the witches bring forth off. You can foreshadow that the witches are going to turn what is good, foul and maintain what is foul. The witches are saying that fair and foul are the same to be fair, you essential be foul and to be foul, you must be fair. The witches do foul things because they think it is the only fair way. The witches basically symbolize everything that the kingdom does not take aim to prosper. The witches are manipulative. They manipulate Macbeth simply because his downfall would bring them joy.Evil and foul prophecies will cloud Macbeths judgment, making him think that they are fair and what he needs to follow. They are foul in their motives howev er their words are fair and their wordplay cannot be defined as lying but they skilfully dance around the truth. To the witches foul is fair and vice versa. You can also say that what is foul to any normal human is what is fair and good to the witches because they follow everything that we believe is evil. You can relate the phrase to reality or just believe that this is the witches opinion. Relating to real life outside of the book, I believe that this quote can mean that sometimes do be fair and just you gift to go about it in a way that isnt fair and just. legal expert has to be attained, sometimes, by unjust means. It can also mean that the truth hurts and life is not fair, also to be fair is not to be appealing.These dickens words are opposite of their meanings. Depending on a persons definition of fair and foul, it can change its meaning. It is circumstantial, and the meaning can change frequently. delimitate fair as benevolent and good and foul as evil and menacing, you can say that to be good, you have to be malicious and to malicious you have to go about it in a good and nice way. Some things that are fair might not always be the best but things that are fair might always be what a person what a person wants. Also, it could mean that people and things arent as they see. People who seem foul could be fair and people who seem fair could be foul.

Assess Critically Three Causes of World War One Essay

Assess Critically Three Causes of World War One BY 155 Assess critically three causes of the First World War The First World War began in europium in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. This trigger action caused the affair of Germany, Russia, Serbia and Austria-Hungary. However, the contend itself was caused by patriotism, alliances and Germanys aid of encirclement. Nationalism was the central cause of World War One because, due to the nationalism of the Slavs, the Balkan states became a powder keg.Austria-Hungary ade the Serbs fear annexation while the Slavs inside the country wanted a Pan- Slavonic State. The assassination of the Archduke occurred due to the Serbs nationalism, to warn Austria-Hungary to stay away from Serbia. However, it had the completely opposite arrange because Austria-Hungary now had a valid reason to give Serbia an Ultimatum that would allow them to attack the country. Austrians did not only do this because they wanted Serbia but also because they realised that the Slavic nationalism could cause another loss of their land as they had experienced in he Second Balkan War in 1913.There was also a significant number of Slave living inside the borders of Austria-Hungary whos wish for a Pan-Slavic State could not be ignored and so they needed to be shown their limits. The nationalistic Slavs were a monstrous threat to Austria-Hungary and it was clear that this nationalism would result in a war. The alliances on the other hand, should not be left unverbalised of due to the fact that they delocalized the war and caused distrust between countries. The Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain) on one side and the Triple Alliance (Germany,Austria-Hungary, Italy) on the other make it impossible for Austria-Hungarys conflict with Serbia to stay local. An especially important aspect of the Triple Alliance was that it only lasted from 1882 until 1914, because at the start of World War One Italy switched sides and went to the allied Powers. This only contributed to the growing distrust that the alliances caused amongst the European powers because each country fe atomic number 18d to be attacked. However, the alliances would never have become relevant if the Slavs nationalism in Austria-Hungary hadnt do a war inevitable hat soon made the alliances come into effect.Germany rushed to Austria-Hungarys aid and Russia came to help Serbia so soon most countries in Europe had to assist their allies. A last cause that is rattling significant is Germanys fear of encirclement and the other countries fear of Germany. Kaiser Wilhelm II feared encirclement by Russia and France for a very long time because, not only did France want revenge for the land losses in the Franco-Prussian War but they were also allied with Russia. This meant that Germany faced the serious risk of a two front war. Yet, what Germany didnt now, was that the other European countries feared it Just as much or even more tha n it feared them.Germany had the biggest army and a lot of economic power during the time Just before the war. These fears helped cause the war because they state of war preparation. However, these fears were tightly connected to nationalism because if all these countries hadnt been nationalistic and wanted territory and, in Frances case, revenge, the war would probably not have started out the way it did. Considering these three causes it is clear to see that nationalism was the main ause but the alliances and Germanys fear played a major role in the outbreak of World War One.Many historians such as Fritz Fischer remember that Germany was the only one to blame due to its apparently obvious wish for war, but it is clear that the nationalism in the Balkan states was the most significant cause. The alliances caused the war to be on a larger scale but this could ultimately only happen because of the trigger event in the Balkans. Though there are many plausible and arguable causes for World War One, nationalism is definitely the most important one.

Asessment

I will continue to use this priority direction as the role model in this assessment 1 guide. Your assignment task is to 1 . Select one priority direction from the list. For example One of the six priority directions of the go up action agenda is Improving the social and horny public assistance of young Australians (pig 14). 2. Introduce the priority direction highlighting the significance for Australian children and young person You could talk of what Is social and emotional wellbeing and what are the benefits or outcomes of emotional and social wellbeing for children and youth.For example the early years research provides evidence that Infant bonding and confirming early life social experiences can strengthen healthy brain development providing the potential for greater educational achievement and the capacity to form successful relationships (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2004, Childrens Emotional Development Is Built into the Architecture of Their Bra ins Working Paper No. 2. Http//www. Developmentally. Net). 3.Identify the current status of child and youth health and wellbeing in Australia (birth to 24 years) in your selected priority direction and present the problem currently faced in Australia. Identify Australian statistics from variant resources that indicate the outcomes related social and emotional wellbeing for Australian children. You may use RACY evidence such as Report Card The wellbeing of young Australians along with other Australian sources e. G. AYAH to support your discussion.The RACY Report Card uses the average of all Loved and Safe measures to provide a global indicator of social and emotional wellbeing. You can refer to this. You could also provide statistics related to various determinants and related outcomes for this priority area and issues how the factor is relevant e. G. Bullying and the opposition on youth mental health. 4. Discuss what determinants of health and wellbeing are contributing to these outcomes. Identify determinants from across various mounts influencing child and youth outcome I. E. Processes in the micro, mess, ex. Or macro systems.In this section you can discuss the factors that influence the statistics and health outcomes you have raised in your essay. For example identify various determinants of social and emotional wellbeing including both protective and risk factors. Discuss owe unemployment (ex.) might affect family functioning (micro) such as positive communication. 5. Propose strategies supported by research and the literature that will help achieve one or more aspects of the Nest action agenda vision for Australias children and in any context influencing child and youth outcomes I. . Processes in the micro, mess, ex. Or macro systems. Intimidates is a school health promotion program that helps schools support young people to achieve their goals, go on relationships and cope with challenges (http// wry. Intimidates. Due. AU/about-Intimidates/what-is-I ntimidates). How can implementation be encouraged in your local school? Tips on the structure of your essay You have some immunity in this assessment task to select broad or focused issues impacting on child and youth health.This will impact on how to present your work. jut out your presentation carefully. Your presentation can follow the order of assignment tasks listed in the unit outline or you may reorder the information to improve the formal flow of your ideas and the essay. You can present your work as an essay however, you may use headings to respond to the various tasks. A good resource on in effect(p) writing and how to write an essay is http//unlearning. IOW. Due. AU/main. HTML.See also a comparison between essay and a report style http//unlearning. IOW. Due. AU/report/l b. HTML Correct referencing following the Harvard style is required See the marking criteria in the unit outline for the areas your work will be assessed against. Each subscriber will arrange a webbin g session for your group where you can ask question about the first assessment. These sessions will be recorded so that if you cant attend the set time you can listen to the questions and answers at a later time.

Ensuring use of technology has purpose in education

Harmonizing to Schwartz ( 2008 ) , Teaching is a dynamic dealing surrounded by head, stuffs, results and ends. Teachers teach disciples learn all within the context of a complex cognitive and socio-cultural environment that is germinating hurried than at any other clip in the history of discipline . Schwartz ( 2008 ) states that one of the suit for this is the feign of technological progresss on the instruction system. The learners of today live in a extremely technological universe. They ar surrounded by appliances and bombarded by information. They use engineering for diversion, communicating and information. We as pedagogues deplete a responsibility to encompass engineering and utilize it to profit all stakeholders involved. But how thot joint we guarantee that engineering is non utilize still because we think it should but as something that enriches the experience of the scholar. How do we equilibrate the recitation of engineering and the demands of the schol ar? As Pedagogy Strategy ( 2005 ) states fashioning engineerings available does non of itself significance in changed instruction methods or in the degree of larning results. Effective usance of ICT in instruction requires appropriate teaching methods. We have to guarantee that the usage of engineering has significance and intent.There is a overplus of research on the construct of blended learning. unify encyclopedism, harmonizing to Rodgers ( 2009 ) , is executing a acquisition scheme that integrates multiple bringing modes ( both synchronal and asynchronous ) and, in making so, making the best possible larning solution for your mark audience . Blended larning requires the scholar to be at the Centre of the mapping and guaranting that it is the right environment for the right scholar. In concern blended acquisition can be seen as the right combination at the lowest costs, this applied to education would be the right combination at the greatest acquisition result. Dzakiria et.al ( 2006 ) citing Driscoll s mold, sees blended acquisition as conglutination web-based engineering to bring forth an optimal acquisition result . In concern you have to hump your market, in instruction it is important that you kat once your scholar and a one size fits all dogma does non work. Dzakiria et.al. ( 2006 ) argues that we need to see the pupils as the primary educational client, their positions and experiences, and the learning support mechanism for effectual acquisition results. It is indispensable that students own their acquisition, that they lead their acquisition and they are at the Centre of the procedure.Technological progresss has resulted in the usage of blended acquisition schemes in concern, universities and schools. The potency of the usage of blended acquisition for e-assessment is promontoryblowing. JISC INFONET ( **** ) states that assessment is one of the to the highest degree important countries of an educational system. It defines what pupil s take to be of import, how they spend much of their academic clip and in legion(predicate) ways how they value themselves. Assessment is important to the scholar every bit long as it has a clear and defined intent. The usage of e-assessment can utilize the cardinal doctrine of blended acquisition and father the learner control over their acquisition and help their acquisition. E-assessment has advantages, JISC INFONET ( **** ) states that it allows instant feedback, allows clip for alteration, staff acquire immediate feedback and this can be linked to other on-line stuffs. Although there are concerns over the usage of E-assessment. E-assessment itself whitethorn salvage clip but the clip it takes to ab initio put up such an judgment can non be underestimated. ***** can widenThe organic evolution of personal acquisition environments ( PLEs ) has opened up the potency of the larning non merely being the Centre of the learning procedure but taking the larning themselves. The pos sible, particularly for school aged students could be great. Imagine an PLE which gives a record of a child online from the minute they walk into instruction to the clip they get off at 16 or 18. What if that record continues to university? What if that continues invariably as we embark on lifelong larning ? This entrust in bend have a enormous consequence on instruction and acquisition. Becta ( 2007 ) signifys that PLE s offers a portal to the universe, through which scholars can research and arrive harmonizing to their ain involvements and waies, interacting at all times with their friends and community. Harmelen ( 2006 ) suggests that the bustment of PLE s is motivated by the demands of the long scholar and for a system that provides a standard interface, a response from the fact that the scholar s e-system demands to be under the control of the scholar and the demands of the scholar themselves. Taraghi et. Al. ( 2010 ) negotiations of utilizing the MashUp run which will let scholars to construct their ain acquisition environment . The potency of PLEs in instruction is radical. Downs ( 2009 ) , states that proximo larning environment which becomes non an institutional or corporate application, but besides a acquisition centre, where content is reused and remixed harmonizing to the pupil s ain demands and involvements. It becomes, so, non a individual application, but a aggregation of interoperating applications an environment instead than a system . Research is being undertaken to look at how PLE s will turn to a scholars larning and the consequence and deductions on instruction. But Taraghi et. Al. ( 2010 ) points out that traditional Learning Management Systems ( LMS ) are non flexible plenty to leave an effectual PLE system. Taraghi et. Al. ( 2010 ) points out that, even current research can non indicate out what a extremely personalised larning environment should look like in item . Using a PLE to turn to womb-to-tomb acquisition would ne cessitate looking at the large image non one specific component of a scholar s acquisition. In the past developments have been centred on specific phases in instruction but now we need to guarantee the scholar s demands are addressed throughout their acquisition journey. Atwell ( 2007 ) provinces, if non continuous, larning is now seen as multi episodic, with persons passing occasional periods of formal instruction and developing throughout their on the job life. PLE s will hold to turn to both the thoughts of uninterrupted acquisition and the periods of informal acquisition that a scholar brushs. Formal larning itself, harmonizing to Atwell ( 2007 ) histories for merely 20 per cent of a scholar s acquisition. In the past educational engineering has paid little or no attending to informal larning a PLE could turn to this issue. PLE s could be used for anyone who wants to maneuver their ain acquisition. Taraghi et.al. ( 2010 ) specify seven important facets for the displacement fro m LMS to PLEThe function of the scholarPersonalisationContentSocial engagementOwnershipEducational and organizational civilizationTechnological facetsPLE s could necessitate together the huge sum of different engineering that a scholar uses under one umbrella. Making it distinguishable and personalised to that scholar, involve the engineerings they like to utilize and turn to their specific acquisition manners. The scholar could make up ones mind their penchants to how they study, present information etc. The scholar can make up ones mind on their ain content and analyze the countries they decide to assist with their acquisition. The scholar could in kernel develop a acquisition environment that addresses their specific demands at their current phase in instruction. Milligan quoted in BECTA ( 2007 ) believes PLE s would give the scholar greater control over their learning experience ( pull offing their resources, the work they have produced, the activities they participate in ) and would represent their ain personal acquisition environment, which they could utilize to interact with institutional systems to entree content, appraisal, libraries and the similar .Atwell ( 2007 ) states that PLE s are non an application but instead a new effort to the usage of new engineerings for larning. There remain many issues to be resolved. But, at the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the educational activity for the usage of Personal Learning environments in non proficient but instead is philosophical, ethic and pedagogic. This wealth of grounds of larning would ensue in a e-portfolio which could potentially chart a scholar from the minute they enter the instruction system. There could potential be a wealth of touchable grounds which could be used as grounds for makings or as an illustration of what a possible employee may be capable of. Cohn and Hibbitts ( 2004 ) suggest that an e-portfolio stimulates our pupils to prosecute in brooding thought . What is apparent is the thought that we have to be careful that e-portfolios are closely linked to the thoughts of PLE s. If we are doing personal acquisition environments which are alone to the scholar, we do non desire to so make an e-portfolio which is one size fits all, it besides has to be personalised to the scholar, integrate the scholars larning manners and penchants. Learning and appraisal are intertwined, therefore if we talk about bring forthing a PLE so the thought of an e-portfolio must organize a important component of such an environment. Gulbahar and Tinmaz ( 2006 ) suggests that the thought of an e-portfolio support pupils focused on the acquisition procedure instead than the terminal merchandise. They suggest that By the usage of e-portfolios, pupils have the opportunity to reflect upon their acquisition and instructors have the chance to supply elaborate feedback on pupils work. Research undertaken by Gulbarhar and Tinemaz ( 2006 ) suggested that utilizing an e-portfolio was favour ed by all the pupils in their survey. They conclude that I gave the pupils a great opportunity for self betterment and it besides demonstrated a acquisition centres theoretical account for instructor campaigners. The pupils besides gained more cognition and associated it with existent life context.

Negative Effects of Mining in Palawan

Thesis Statement The uninterrupted exploit in Palawan give nonplus degradation of the alter, denuding of the forests and extinction of animal and plant species frankincense dark its biodiversity. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, encompasses the variety and abundance of plants, animals, and microorganisms as well as the eco arrangings and ecological processes to which they belong. (Braatz, 1992) The word came from the Latin bios which means life and diversitas which means variety or differences which in that locationfore means variety of life. Catibog-Sinha, C. , Heaney, L. 2006) Biodiversity plays a big(p) role on what the society is possessing today. Its significance can be divided into two main aspects the scotch benefits and the services it gives to humanities. The most politic solelyy appealing and economically attr brisk argument in favour of maintaining biodiversity is that it provides enormous direct economic benefits in the form of food, medicines, industria l raw materials and has the potential for generating many more. Ehrlich and Wilson, 1991 McNeely, 1988 as cited in Braatz, 1992) In addition to this, there be three main positionors of biodiversity loss and these ar the continuous changing of destroy use, the ongoing expansion, emergence and integration of markets and states, and the movement of species into the states inhabited by otherwises. (Konteleon, A. , Pascual, U. , Swanson, T. , 2007) In an article in the Filipino Star newspaper, it was state that The Philippines ranks fifth globally in the number of plant species, and it hosts about 5% of the worlds flora. (Paje, R. 2012) The Philippines has been named one of the worlds megadiverse countries, and it has been ranked one of the countries with the highest rates of discovery in the world. (Yap, D. , 2012) Also, the De sort outment of Environment and Natural Re outsets (DENR) has revealed that more than 270 wildlife species endemic to the Philippines hand been found in the past 25 years. In a statement given by DENR Secretary Ramon Paje (2012) These discoveries of sorts are a testament that the Philippines is abundantly endowed with unique biodiversity that just at a lower places intactitys the need for stepped up protection.These endemic species are our documentation jewels. They are irreplace able-bodied and unique components of our awesome environmental heritage. (Villanueva, R. 2012) Fortunately, there is a province here in the Philippines that is so lots blessed in biological diversity. This province is referred to as the Last Ecological Frontier of the rude payable to the number of endangered species of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles that are found only in this province. Thus, the name Palawan enters. Palawan is the largest province in the country with an area of 1,489,655 hectares or equivalent to 5% of the countrys local territory.It comprises of the following biodiversity 15 lakes, 42 ponds, 44 waterfalls, 72 rude(a) sp rings, 9 exploitral springs, 28 principal rivers, 43 streams and 165 creeks place as potential sources of water for domestic consumption and irrigation, 690,000 hectares of terrestrial forest, 42,500 hectares of mangrove forests- having 31 species and 90% of the cognize mangrove species in the country, 8 of the 11 amphibians endemic to the Philippines, 279 species of birds- 27 are endemic, 15 out of 25 marine mammals, 58 species of terrestrial mammals- 19 endemic to the country and 16 are restricted to Mantalingahan kettle of fish Range, 24 endemic reptiles and 69 species found in the corridor, 4 of the 5marine turtles and 379 species of chromatics and 82% of the total coral species record in the country.Aside from having the title of the Last Ecological Frontier, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organic law (UNESCO) declared it as a Man and Biosphere Re take care because of its uniqueness like having a vast write down area and topography which is divide d by tall mountain ranges such as Mt. Mantalingahan, Mt. Gantung in the southernern pct and Cleopatras Needle in the northern tallyt of the province with an average elevation of approximately 1,100 meters. Palawan is as well a home of three major indigenous communities namely Batak which can be located in the central and northern part, Tagbanua in the central, northern and southern part and Palawan in the southern part of the province. (http//pnni. wordpress. com) Because of the innate(p) resources endowed upon Palawan and the local and global appreciation it gathered, the Senate Bill no. 1358 was created.This declares Palawan as the Ecological tourism Capital of the Philippines and thus needs ample government support and permit of autonomy for its ecological projects. The said bill banks on the right of the good deal to a symmetryd and healthful ecology and protects Palawan from attacks on its graphic resources. (Estropia, E. J. , 2012) Palawan does non only have distin ct species scarce it in like manner possesses beautiful sceneries that have gathered titles and are well- cognize around the globe. One of these is the Tubbataha lower which covers 33,200 hectares and a home to lots of marine life such as manta rays, ocean turtles, sharks, tuna, dolphins, jackfish, coral reefs with 300 coral species and 379 species of fish.It is to a fault the one of the most desirable scuba-diving destination in the Philippines. Another is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River which was chosen as one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature. However, the biodiversity of Palawan is under very high threat. Conservation International has identified Palawan as a site for threatened amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles, and fresh water fish, as well as for restricted-range and congregatory birds, using confirmed locality data for each target species. (Impact Asian Magazine for charitable break 45(7), 2011) As of today, Palawan has been experiencing a serious problem th at could lower its biodiversity and this is minelaying.Mining is the extraction of minerals raze the earths crust. In mining, get excavation provide al shipway be performed whether it is an open-cast mining or an underground mining. Both types allow for cause significant ensnares on the environment and to all living organisms around the area. It cannot be hide that the province of Palawan is not only rich in biodiversity but also rich in mineral deposits that lie under its virgin forests. This made many mining industries to trespass in the province and extract minerals. The mineral resources that can be found in the province are nickel, copper, manganese, chromite and gold. However, nickel ranks first in terms of the provinces mineral production value.Even though the mining exertion contributes on raising the status of Philippine economy, as anticipated, it is causing disruptive activities that harm the volume and the environment of Palawan specifically lowering its biodive rsity level. According to Impact, Asian Magazine for Human Transformation in their special(prenominal) edition on July 2011entitled Palawan A Clash Between Mining and Biodiversity, mining operations have been active in Palawan since 1970. It was revealed that mining tenements are found in core protected zones in Palawan. (Estropia, E. J. , 2012) Also, according to statistics, there are 429 mining claims and applications currently give up in Palawan which covered up a total area of 850,000 hectares. The numbers of mining firms are alarming since most of these are prominent in the north and south part of Palawan where the biodiversity level is high.Geo-tagging data from Department of Environment and Natural Resources Mines and Geosciences Bureau (DENR-MGB) as of March 2011, has also found the province and its biodiversity under threat due to some 354 mining tenements encroached in almost 50% of its total land area, covering forest ranges of Mt. Bulanjao which is a protected area a nd falls under core zones which should not be open to any development activity, and 90% of ancestral lands. (Impact Asian Magazine for Human Transformation 45(7), 2011) There are laws concerning on the preservation of Palawans biodiversity. One of these is the Republic Act No. 7942 otherwise known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995. This act declares that all mineral resources in public and private lands within the territory and exclusive economic zone of the Republic of the Philippines are own by the State.It shall be the responsibility of the State to promote their rational exploration, development, utilization and conservation through the unite efforts of government and the private sector in order to enhance national growth in a way that effectively safeguards the environment and protect the rights of affected communities. It sought to arrest the slump of the mining industry by providing a framework by which investments in mineral exploitation must operate, so as not to repeat the mistakes of the past which caused many of the mines to close shop. (Ballesteros, 1997) On the other side, the law was opposed by environmentalists, social activists and indigenous people organizations.The law is based on Article XII of the Philippine physical composition and thus mandates the State to manage the countrys mineral resources as owner and administrator, and to control and deal exploration, development and utilization of mineral resources. The law reiterates the Constitutional provision that only the government may grant mining rights to individuals and corporations. (http//www. forestpeoples. org) In addition to this, the government has approved 180 Mineral Production Sharing Agreements (MPPAs), 70 exploration permits, 126 industrial sand and gravel permits, and five special mineral extraction permits including two pecuniary and Technical Assistance Agreements (FTAAs) under previous mining laws. (Estropia, E. J. , 2012) Another is the Republic Act 7661 or strateg ic Environmental Plan (SEP Law).It is known as a comprehensive frame-work for the sustainable development of Palawan compatible with protect and enhancing the natural resources and endangered environment of the province. It shall serve to guide the local government of Palawan and the government agencies concerned in the formulation and implementation of plans, programs affecting the environment and natural resources of Palawan. SEP has established a graded system of protection and development control over the whole of Palawan, including its tribal lands, forests, mines, agricultural areas, settlement areas, small islands, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds and the surrounding sea which is known as the Environmental Critical Areas Network (ECAN) and shall serve as the main strategy of the SEP. (http//pnni. wordpress. om) Despite of the presence of these laws, companies are still cosmos granted self-assurance to mine in core protected areas and mining corporations have been able to grab massive land areas for mining metal ores through this act. Mining is a very destructive activity to all forms of life. The fact that it will casts vast excavation of land which mining corporations perform not in lowland areas but in the location where dense forests exist on various mountain and mountain ranges shows how big the total damage it may cause in the environment. The main thing that is being affected by mining is the nature encompassing all the biotic and abiotic organisms that exist in the surrounding area where mining is being held. In mining, it cannot be conducted without affecting the land, water, and air surrounding the site, as well as the various natural resources found in them.It involves the extraction of minerals and because of this then there is ravaging of wildlife which may also result in health problems. Then there are the disasters that can happen from the cutting of trees, erosion, and other accidents from mining structures. Thus, it is burning( prenominal) for mining companies to practice the concept of Responsible Mining. In a statement given by Godfrey Oliphant, Deputy Minister of Mineral Resources of South Africa, 2012, Responsible mining is something that develops the economy and its people and recognizes the delicate balance between mining and the environment. Responsibility in mining gives priority to the health and safety of workers and surrounding communities. (Malanes, M. , Caluza, D. , Cimatu, F. 2012) In responsible mining there must be a positive effect on the Philippine economy. Whatever environmental problems that mining companies are facing must be remediated. Moreover, there must be progress seen in the surrounding community like construction of schools and hospitals. However, most mining companies do not apply these concepts that is why adverse effects in the ecosystem are being felt by the present species of animals, plants and as well as humans. First and foremost, mining affects the land that is being converted to a mining site. Since mining companies perform mining in the virgin forests of Palawan, the trees are being cut down.Cutting down trees would cause destruction of the whole forests. Without trees, the area is prone to erosion and when heavy rain strikes, there will be flash floods which could cause death to the residents living near the mine site. Thus, there will be disforestation and loss of wildlife habitat. Given that most animal and plant species are living in the forests, devastating their habitat will cause them to leave and change the way they live. Animals will try to find new ways in order to survive in the new environment that they are encountering. However, short enough and they will not be able to cope with the changes, they will die. Their number will descend and soon only few will be alive.This causes endemism. Ecologically speaking, the flora and fauna of Palawan will decline, thus contributing on decreasing its level of biodiversity. In order to recove r some ores located within and beneath the layers of soil and rocks, miners use huge machineries that destroy the big rock deposits. In doing this, dust is produced within the process which contributes on air taint. The dust greatly affects the quality of the air being inhaled by humans. The dust which was released may stand greenhouse gases like methane. Also, other toxins that were released like sulphur dioxide will combine into the air and when it precipitates, the rain will be acidic.Another is smog. Smog when inhale can cause shortness of breath and serious coughing. Another effect of mining in land is that it causes declination in agricultural production. The main livelihood of the people in Palawan is through agricultural crops specifically rice production. However, when mining started to strike in their land, there has been a decrease in their total harvest due to the mine tailings that have scattered throughout their plantation. The laterite that came from mining dissipa tion was deposited in their field which caused the rice to grow smaller than the usual. One example of mineral which is commonly written report for mining in Palawan is nickel.Nickel, to a higher place the natural tolerable level in soil caused reduction in yield of shoots of rye grass (Khalid and Tinsley, 1980). The species of Rice belongs to the family of grasses which is supposed to composed of sturdy plants. Nickel also cut back the growth of corn (Huillier et al. 1996) and higher concentration of Nickel in the germinating seeds of cabbage, lettuce, millet, radish, turnips and wheat cause reductions in cornerstone elongation (Carlson et al. 1991). Similarly, elevated levels of nickel in higher forms of flowering plants such as rice for instance, blocks cadre division in the pericycle of roots, resulting in the inhibition of root branching (Seregin and Kozhevnikova 2005).Likewise, the virulent effects of Cr on plant growth and development are in the germination and growth o f roots, stems and leaves, hence, its yield. In addition, Cr causes prejudicial effects on photosynthesis, water relations and mineral nutrition by direct effects on enzymes and anti-oxidants (Shanker et al. 2005). Hence, the abovementioned effects would definitely impress on plant growth and productivity. (Regis, E. , 2011) Aside from the effects of mining in land, it also affects the bodies of water near it and the aquatic ecosystems were the marine species are living. When mining disturbs the layers of soil and rocks, the process scatters toxic heavy metals contained in these layers and become mixed with loosened soil and tailings.Through mining, these metals become concentrated in show up soil and brought downslope by heavy rains and typhoons in tropical environments. In island ecosystem with steep slopes, these toxics reach the sea and kill marine organisms in marine habitats. (Regis, E. , 2011) Due to the laterite that flows through rivers and to the seas, it covered the na tural habitat of fishes and other marine organisms and these are the coral reefs. Coral reefs serve as the do ground for most fishes and food for various fishery resources. After the invasive flow of laterite to the seas, the coral reefs look like a grizzly piece of metal which means that it is already dead and useless.And because the corals were already dead due to the polluted water, species of fishes as well as other marine animals living in that area will have no habitat. They will not be able to reproduce since there are no more breeding grounds. The water will not be suitable for these organisms and light will not be able to pass through and the sea grasses which are covered with laterite will not be able to propagate. Laterite will also fill the gills of the fishes which is the main cause of fill kills. Not only sees but also rivers were victims of mining. other mine wastes flow in the rivers thus making it a dead river. Severe outcomes will be encountered by humans and ot her forms of life when mining in Palawan continues. However, the most adverse effect is the destruction of the environment.Because of this, there will be a decrease in the flora and fauna of Palawan. The once known to be the most diverse province in the Philippines might lost its title due to the impact of mining on the forested areas, social community and aquatic ecosystem. If mining operations will continue, pollution whether in air, land or water will get worse. The endemic species in Palawan might soon be vanished, and the numerous species of today will be classified as extinct tomorrow. Also, the biodiversity sites like the Tubbataha Reef National Park and the Puerto Princesa Underground River which are known around the world will be destroyed. With all of this, the biodiversity level of Palawan will decline.The people who are benefiting on the natural resources of the province will also be affected. There will be a change in the food and services they acquired. Since their pri mary source of livelihood is farming, pollution of the soil will produce no crops. There will also be less employment. The water that they are taking will not be potable due to chemic deposits that pollute the water. The fishes recovered by the fishermen will not be enough to supply the food of the people and if there is fill kill then sea foods will be inedible. There will be diseases due to pollution like skin diseases. If the people were able to eat any crops containing metal minerals from mine waste then they will be sick.In addition to this, there will also be geologic vulnerability. Philippines lies near the Pacific Ring of Fire, if mining will continue then there will be more and more excavation of land and conversion of mountainous areas to plains, when this happens the formation of the plates will be destructed. whatever time, there will movements of plates that could cause high intensity earthquakes and could cause a tsunami since Palawan is surrounded with water. Admitt edly, the Philippines is below par when it comes to international practice of water and toxic waste management at mining sites. The already grim legacy of mining in the Philippines will, it is feared, worsen.The international community should take stronger action in order to set up mining particularly, near sea level mining that might be easily inundated as sea level rises and all mining in monsoon/typhoon /hurricane affected zones. (Impact Asian Magazine for Human Transformation 45(7), 2011) The continuous mining in Palawan will cause degradation of the soil, denuding of the forests and extinction of animal and plant species thus lowering its biodiversity. Hence, mining should be stopped in order to avoid the possible effects above which can be experience by the whole province. Another is in order to conserve the natural species of Palawan including all the animal and plant species that are found only in the province.The rules and regulations which are being utilise must be revi sed in order to inspect every mining application that tends to general anatomy a mining site in the province and the current mining tenements as well. Further land excavation must be put to an end and the mine wastes that mining companies created must be cleaned. The mountains that they unmortgaged must be replaced with new trees. Also, the wastes on the rivers and on the seas must be removed. What else must the environment have to experience in order to stop the mining in Palawan? Would it be okay to let the numerous species of today be classified as extinct tomorrow? Is it just to take the risk of having a progressive economy than to preserve the treasures of the country? Should mining be stopped or just wait for nature to hit back?

Love in Time of Cholera Essay

Time of CholeraLove, as Mickey and Sylvia, in their 1956 hit single, prompt us, love is strange. As we grow older it gets stranger, until at some point mortality has come good within the frame of our attention, and there we are, suddenly caught between terminal dates while both the same talking a game of eternity. Its ab erupt then that we may begin to regard love songs, romance allegorys, pocket operas and any live teen-age pronouncements at all on the subject of love with an increasingly impatient, non to abduce intolerant, ear.At the alike time, where would any of us be with turn out all that romantic infrastructure, without, in fact, just that arcdegree of adolescent, premortal hope? Pretty far out on lifes limb, at to the lowest degree. Suppose, then, it were possible, not nevertheless to swear love forever, but actually to notice done on it to live a long, rich and authentic life based on such a denunciation, to put ones alloted second of precious time where ones heart is? This is the extraordinary premise of Gabriel Garcia Marquezs new falsehoodLove in the Time of Cholera,one on which he delivers, and triumphantly.In the postromantic ebb of the 70s and 80s, with ein truth remains now so wised up and even growing paranoid well-nigh love, erstwhile the charming buzzword of a generation, it is a daring step for any reliever to decide to work in loves vernacular, to defecate it, with all its folly, imprecision and lapses in taste, at all seriously that is, as well worth those higher forms of play that we value in fiction. For Garcia Marquez the step may also be revolutionary. I think that a unfermented about love is as valid as any other, he once remarked in a conversation with his friend, the journalist Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza (published as El Olor de la Guayaba, 1982). In reality the calling of a writer the revolutionary duty, if you manage is that of writing well. And oh boy does he write well. He writes with impassioned con trol, out of a maniacal serenity the Garcimarquesian voice we study come to deal from the other fiction has matured, found and developed new resources, been brought to a train where it base at once be classical and familiar, opalescent and pure, able to praise and curse, laugh and cry, fabulate and ing and when called upon, take dour and soar, as in this description of a turn-of-the- one C balloon tripFrom the sky they could see, just as God sawing machine them, the ruins of the very old and heroic city of Cartagena de Indias, the most beautiful in the world, abandoned by its inhabitants because of the sieges of the English and the atrocities of the buccaneers. They saw the walls, still intact, the brambles in the streets, the fortifications devoured by heartsease, the marble palaces and the golden altars and the viceroys rotting with plague inside their armor. They flew over the lake dwellings of the Trojas in Cataca, painted in lunatic colors, with pens holding iguanas raise d for food and balsam apples and crepe myrtle hanging in the lacustrian gardens. Excited by everyones shouting, hundreds of naked children plunged into the water, jumping out of windows, jumping from the roofs of the houses and from the canoes that they handled with astonishing skill, and diving like shad to recover the bundles of clothing, the bottles of cough syrup, the beneficent food that the beautiful lady with the feathered hat threw to them from the basket of the balloon. This novel is also revolutionary in daring to suggest that vows of love made under a premiss of immortality youthful idiocy, to some may yet be honored, much later in life when we ought to greet better, in the face of the undeniable. This is, effectively, to assert the resurrection of the body, today as throughout hi stratum an unavoidably revolutionary idea.through and through the ever-subversive medium of fiction, Garcia Marquez shows us how it could all plausibly come about, even wild hope for some body out here, outside a book, even as inevitably beaten at, bought and resold as we all must have become if only through years of simple residence in the injuring and corruptive world. Heres what happens. The story takes place between about 1880 and 1930, in a Caribbean seaport city, unnamed but utter to be a composite of Cartagena and Barranquilla as well, perhaps, as cities of the spirit less officially mapped.Three major(ip) characters form a triangle whose hypotenuse is Florentino Ariza, a poet dedicated to love both carnal and transcendent, though his temporal fate is with the River Company of the Caribbean and its small fleet of paddle-wheel steamboats. As a childly apprentice telegrapher he meets and falls forever in love with Fermina Daza, a beautiful adolescent with . . . almonds regulated eyes, who walks with a natural self-respect . . . her does gait making her seem immune to gravity. Though they exchange hardly a hundred words face to face, they carry on a passiona te and secret affair merely by way of garners and telegrams, even subsequently the missys father has sound out and taken her away on an extended journey of forgetting. only when when she returns, Fermina rejects the lovesick young man after all, and eventually meets and marries instead Dr. Juvenal Urbino who, like the hero of a I9th-century novel, is well born, a sharp dresser, somewhat stuck on himself but a terrific catch nonetheless. For Florentino, loves creature, this is an agonizing setback, though null fatal.Having give tongue to to love Fermina Daza forever, he settles in to wait for as long as he has to until shes impeccant once more. This turns out to be 51 years, 9 months and 4 days later, when suddenly, absurdly, on a Pentecost Sunday more or less 1930, Dr. Juvenal Urbino dies, chasing a parrot upon mango tree. After the funeral, when everyone else has left, Florentino steps forward with his hat over his heart Fermina, he declares, I have waited for this opport unity for more than half a century, to repeat to you once again my vow of eternal fidelity and everlasting love. Shocked and furious, Fermina orders him out of the house. And dont show your face again for the years of life that are left to you . . . I hope there are very fewer of them. The hearts eternal vow has run up against the worlds finite harm. The face-off occurs near the end of the archetypical chapter, which recounts Dr. Urbinos last day on earth and Ferminas maiden night as a widow. We then flash back 50 years, into the time of cholera. The middle chapters follow the lives of the three characters through the years of the Urbinos marriage and Florentino Arizas rise at the River Company, as one century ticks over into the next.The last chapter takes up again where the first left off, with Florentine now, in the face of what some men would consider major rejection, resolutely setting about courting Fermina Daza all over again, doing what he must to win her love. In th eir city, throughout a turbulent half-century, ending has proliferated everywhere, both as el colera, the fatal disease that sweeps through in terrible intermittent epidemics, and as la colera, defined as choler or anger, which taken to its extreme becomes warfare.Victims of one, in this book, are more than once mistaken for victims of the other. War, endlessly the same war, is presented here not as the continuation by other means of any political sympathies that can possibly matter, but as a negative force, a plague, whose only meaning is death on a massive scale. Against this dark ground, lives, so precarious, are often more and less informed projects of resistance, even of sworn opposition, to death. Dr. Urbino, like his father before him, becomes a leader in the battle against the cholera, promoting existence health measures obsessively, heroically.Fermina, more conventionally but with as much courage, soldiers on in her chosen portion of wife, mother and household manage r, maintaining a safe perimeter for her family. Florentino embraces Eros, deaths well-known long-time enemy, setting off on a career of seductions that eventually add up to 622 long term liaisons, apart from . . . unmeasured fleeting adventures, while maintaining, impervious to time, his deeper fidelity, his unquenchable hope for a life with Fermina.At the end he can tell her truthfully though she doesnt believe it for a minute that he has remained a virgin for her. So far as this is Florentinos story, in a way his Bildungsroman, we find ourselves, as he earns the suspension of our disbelief, cheering him on, wishing for the success of this stubborn warrior against age and death, and in the name of love. But like the best fictional characters, he insists on his autonomy, refusing to be anything less ambiguous than human.We must take him as he is, pursuing his tomcat destiny out among the streets and lovers refuges of this city with which he lives on terms of such easy intimacy, c arrying with him a potential for disasters from which he remains safe, immunized by a crotchety but dangerous indifference to consequences that often borders on criminal neglect. The widow Nazaret, one of many widows he is fated to make happy, seduces him during a nightlong bombardment from the cannons of an attacking army outside the city. Ausencia Santanders delicately furnished home is burgled of every movable item while she and Florentino are frolicking in bed.A girl he picks up at Carnival time turns out to be a homicidal machete-wielding escapee from the local anesthetic asylum. Olimpia Zuletas husband murders her when he sees a vulgar endearment Florentino has been thoughtless enough to write on her body in red paint. His lovers amorality causes not only individual misfortune but ecologic destruction as well as he learns by the end of the book, his River Companys insatiate appetite for firewood to fuel its steamers has wiped out the great forests that once bordered the Magd alena river system, leaving a wasteland where nothing can ive. With his mind clouded by his passion for Fermina Daza he never took the trouble to think about it, and by the time he realized the truth, there was nothing anyone could do except bring in a new river. In fact, dumb luck has as much to do with getting Florentino through as the intensity or purity of his dream. The occasions great affection for this character does not entirely overcome a sly concurrent subversion of the ethic of machismo, of which Garcia Marquez is not especially fond, having set forth it elsewhere simply as usurpation of the rights of others.Indeed, as weve come to expect from his fiction, its the women in this story who are stronger, more attuned to reality. When Florentino goes crazy with live, developing symptoms like those of cholera, it is his mother Transito Ariza, who pulls him out of it. His innumerable lecheries are rewarded not so much for any traditional masculine selling points as for his o bvious and aching consider to be loved. Women go for it. He is ugly and sad, Fermina Dazas cousin Hildebranda tells her, but he is all love. And Garcia Marquez, straight-faced cashier of tall tales, is his biographer.At the age of 19, as he has reported, the young writer underwent a literary epiphany on reading the famous opening lines of KafkasMetamorphosis,in which a man wakes to find himself transformed into a giant insect. Gosh, exclaimed Garcia Marquez, using in Spanish a word in English we may not, thats just the way my grandmother used to talk And that, he adds is when novels began to interest him. Much of what come sic in his work to be called magical realism was, as he tells it, simply the presence of that grandmotherly voice.Nevertheless, in this novel we have come a meaningful distance from Macondo, the magical village inOne one hundred Years of Solitudewhere folks routinely sail through the air and the dead remain in everyday conversation with the living we have des cended, perhaps in some way down the same river, all the way downstream, into war and pestilence and urban confusions to the edge of a Caribbean haunted less by individual dead than by a history which has brought so appallingly many down, without ever having sopoken, or having spoken gone unheard, or having been heard, left unrecorded.As revolutionary as writing well is the duty to redeem these silences, a duty Garcia Marquez has here fulfilled with honor and compassion. It would be presumptuous to speak of sorrowful beyondOne Hundred Years of Solitudebut clearly Garcia Marquez has moved somewhere else, not least into deeper awareness of the ways in which, as Florentino comes to learn, nobody teaches life anything. There are still delightful and stunning moments different to fact, still told with the same unblinking humor presences at the foot of the bed, an anonymously delivered doll with a curse on it, the sinister parrot, almost a minor character, whose pursuit ends with the d eath of Dr. Juvenal Urbino.But the predominant claim on the authors attention and energies comes from what is not so contrary to fact, a human consensus about reality in which love and the possibility of loves extermination are the indispensable driving forces, and varieties of magic have become, if not sort of peripheral, then at least more thoughtfully deployed in the service of an expanded vision, matured, darker than before but no less clement.It could be argued that this is the only honest way to write about love, that without the darkness and the finitude there might be romance, erotica, social comedy, soap opera all genres, by the way, that are well represented in this novel but not the Big L. What that seems to require, along with a certain vantage point, a certain level of understanding, is an authors ability to control his own love for his characters, to withhold from the reader the full completion of his caring, in other words not to lapse into drivel.In translatingLo ve in the Time of Cholera,Edith Grossman has been solicitous to this element of discipline, among many nuances of the authors voice to which she is sensitively, imaginatively attuned. My Spanish isnt perfect, but I can tell that she catches admirably and without apparent labor the swing and translucency of his writing, its slang and its classicism, the lyrical stretches and those end-of-sentence zingers he likes to hit us with.It is a faithful and beautiful piece of work. There comes a moment, early in his career at the River Company of the Caribbean when Florentino Ariza, unable to write even a simple commercial letter without some kind of romantic poetry creeping in, is discussing the problem with his uncle Leo XII, who owns the company. Its no use, the young man protests Love is the only thing that interests me. The trouble, his uncle replies, is that without river navigation, there is no love. For Florentino, this happens to be literally true the shape of his life is defined by two momentous river voyages, half a century apart. On the first he made his decision to return and live forever in the city of Fermina Daza, to persevere in his love for as long as it might take. On the second, through a desolate landscape, he journeys into love and against time, with Fermina, at last by his side.There is nothing I have read quite like this astonishing final chapter, symphonic, sure in its dynamics and tempo, moving like a riverboat too, its author and pilot, with a lifetimes experience steering us unerringly among hazards of skepticism and mercy, on this river we all know, without whose navigation there is no love and against whose flow the effort to return is never worth a less honorable name than remembrance at the very best it results in works that can even return our worn souls to us, among which most certainly belongsLove in the Time of Cholera,this shining and life-threatening novel.